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In MPSC and UPSC Civil Services exams, the questions are classified into two main types: fundamental type and analytical type.

Here are examples with explanations to make you understand each type:

1. Fundamental Type:
   Fundamental type questions are meant to test your basic knowledge and understanding. These questions assess whether you have a solid foundation in the subject matter. They typically require recalling facts, concepts, definitions, or principles.

Here are a few examples of MCQ type of Fundamental questions:
(UPSC/MPSC Civil Services Prelims)
Example#1: What is the capital of Maharashtra?
Answer Options:

1. Nagpur
2. Mumbai
3. Pune
4. Thane
   Explanation: This question tests your knowledge of basic facts. The correct answer is “2. Mumbai”.

Example#2: Which of the following statements regarding the Indian National Congress (INC) is/are correct?

1. The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885.
2. WC Bonnerjee was the first President of the Indian National Congress.
3. The INC played a crucial role in India’s struggle for independence.
4. The Quit India Movement was launched under the leadership of the Indian National Congress.

Options:
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1 and 3 only
C) 2 and 4 only
D) All of the above.
Explanation: This question tests your knowledge of the Indian National Congress. The correct answer is option D) All of the above.
Statement 1 is correct as the INC was founded in 1885.
Statement 2 is correct as WC Bonnerjee was the first President of the INC.
Statement 3 is correct as the INC played a significant role in India’s struggle for independence.
Statement 4 is correct as the Quit India Movement was launched under the leadership of the INC.

Example#3: Which of the following statements about the Indian Constitution is/are true?

1. The Indian Constitution was adopted on 26th January 1950.
2. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar chaired the drafting committee of the Indian Constitution.
3. The Indian Constitution has been amended more than 100 times since its adoption.
4. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution declares India as a socialist country.

Options:
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 3 and 4 only
D) All of the above.
Explanation: This question assesses your knowledge of the Indian Constitution.
The correct answer is option B) 2 and 3 only
Statement 1 is incorrect as the Indian Constitution was adopted on 26th Nov 1949 and it came into effect from 26th January 1950.
Statement 2 is true as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar chaired the drafting committee of the Indian Constitution.
Statement 3 is true as the Indian Constitution has been amended more than 100 times since its adoption.
Statement 4 is incorrect as the Preamble of the Indian Constitution does not explicitly declare India as a socialist country.

Here are a few examples of descriptive type of Fundamental questions:
(UPSC Civil Services Main Exam)
Example#1: “Define the term ‘democracy.'”
Explanation: This question assesses your understanding of a concept. You should provide a clear definition of democracy, such as “Democracy is a system of government where power is vested in the people, who exercise it directly or through elected representatives.”

Example#2: “List the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution.”
Explanation: This question tests the your knowledge of specific information. You should provide a comprehensive list of the fundamental rights, such as “Right to equality, right to freedom of speech and expression, right to protection from discrimination, etc.”

2. Analytical Type:
   Analytical type questions evaluate your ability to analyse and interpret information, make connections between different concepts, and think critically. These questions require a deeper understanding of the subject matter and the application of knowledge to solve problems.

Examples of MCQ types of Analytical questions:
(MPSC/UPSC Civil Services Prelims Exam):
Example#1: Which of the following statements regarding the Green Revolution in India is/are correct?

1. The Green Revolution resulted in a significant increase in agricultural production.
2. The Green Revolution focused primarily on the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides.
3. The Green Revolution led to a decline in traditional farming practices.
4. The Green Revolution had an adverse impact on the environment and biodiversity.

Options:
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1 and 3 only
C) 2 and 4 only
D) All of the above.

Explanation: This question requires you to analyse the impacts of the Green Revolution in India.
The correct answer is option B) Only statements 1 and 3 are correct.
Statement 1 is correct as the Green Revolution did result in a significant increase in agricultural production.
Statement 2 is incorrect as the Green Revolution involved various measures, including the use of high-yielding crop varieties and better irrigation methods, in addition to the use of chemical inputs.
Statement 3 is correct as the adoption of modern farming practices during the Green Revolution led to a decline in traditional farming practices.
Statement 4 is incorrect as the adverse environmental impacts of the Green Revolution were a matter of concern but not a direct consequence.

Example#2: Which of the following statements regarding the Right to Information (RTI) Act in India is/are true?

1. The RTI Act was enacted in 2005 to promote transparency and accountability in the functioning of public authorities.
2. The RTI Act allows citizens to request and access information held by public authorities.
3. The RTI Act applies only to the central government and not to state governments.
4. The RTI Act guarantees absolute and unrestricted access to all types of information.

Options:
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 4 only
D) All of the above.

Explanation: This question tests your understanding of the Right to Information (RTI) Act in India.
The correct answer is option A) Only statements 1 and 2 are true.
Statement 1 is correct as the RTI Act was indeed enacted in 2005 to promote transparency and accountability in public authorities.
Statement 2 is true as the RTI Act empowers citizens to request and access information held by public authorities.
Statement 3 is incorrect as the RTI Act applies to both the central and state governments.
Statement 4 is incorrect as the RTI Act does not provide absolute and unrestricted access to all types of information, and certain exemptions and restrictions are specified in the Act.

These examples demonstrate how MCQ-type questions of the analytical type with four statements require you to critically analyse the given statements and identify the correct ones based on a comprehensive understanding of the topic. It is important to carefully evaluate each statement and eliminate incorrect options by applying logical reasoning and factual knowledge.

Here are a few examples of descriptive type of Analytical questions:
(UPSC Civil Services Main Exam)
Example#1: “Examine the causes and consequences of climate change.”
Explanation: This question assesses your analytical skills. You need to analyse the causes of climate change, such as greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation, and the consequences, such as rising temperatures, melting glaciers, and extreme weather events.

Example#2: “Evaluate the impact of globalisation on the Indian economy.”
Explanation: This question tests your ability to assess the effects of a particular phenomenon. You should provide a balanced analysis of the positive and negative impacts of globalisation on various aspects of the Indian economy, such as trade, employment, and culture.

Example#3: “Discuss the challenges and prospects of implementing renewable energy sources in India.”
Explanation: This question requires you to examine both the challenges and opportunities related to renewable energy adoption. You should provide a thoughtful analysis of the obstacles faced in implementing renewable energy sources in India and the potential benefits in terms of energy security and environmental sustainability.

Remember:
Fundamental type questions focus on factual knowledge. They primarily test your factual knowledge and understanding.

Analytical type questions require deeper understanding and the ability to connect concepts to arrive at the correct answer. They assess your ability to analyse, interpret, and evaluate information in a more complex and critical manner.